Common Name(s): Amrita, Duyutige, Gado, Galo, Giloe, Giloya,
Guduchi, Gulancha, Heartleaf moonseed, Teppatige, Tinofend
Dosing
Clinical trials to support dosing are limited, with 300 mg of a
standardized aqueous tinospora stem extract taken 3 times daily for up to 6
months.
Botany
T. cordifolia (also known known as Tinospora sinensis and
Tinospora malabarica) is a glabrous, succulent, climbing shrub native to India
and also found in Burma and Sri Lanka. It thrives easily in tropical regions,
often growing to great heights, and climbing the trunks of large neem trees.
The bark is gray or creamy white, deeply cleft spirally and longitudinally,
with large rosette-like lenticels. The wood is white, soft, and porous, and
when freshly cut, quickly assumes a yellow tint. The branches bear smooth,
heart-shaped leaves, unisexual greenish flowers in summer, and red berries in
winter. Long thread-like aerial roots arise from the branches. The viscous sap
is light yellow, with an odor and a nauseating bitter taste.
History
Guduchi is an Indian medicinal plant that has been used in
Ayurvedic preparations for the treatment of various ailments for centuries.
Ancient Hindu physicians prescribed it for gonorrhea. Europeans in India became
interested in the tonic and diuretic properties of T. cordifolia. The prepared
tincture has received official recognition in the Indian Pharmacopoeia.
It has been used to treat general weakness, fever, dyspepsia, dysentery,
gonorrhea, secondary syphilis, urinary diseases, impotency, gout, viral
hepatitis, skin diseases, and anemia. In compound formulations, guduchi is used
clinically to treat jaundice, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The root is
considered to be a strong emetic and is used for bowel obstruction.1, 3, 4 In
India, T. crispa is considered medicinally interchangeable with T. cordifolia.
Chemistry:.
A large number of compounds have been isolated from the aerial parts, roots, and whole plant of T. cordifolia, and reviews describing the constituents have been published.5, 6
Major constituents include the alkaloids berberine, tinospporin,
palmitine, tembetarine, choline, isocolumbin, and tetrahydropalmatine; the
steroids sitosterol, octacosanol, heptacosanol, nonacosan-15-one,
hydroxyecdysone, makisterone, giloinsterol, diterpenoid lactones,
furanolactones, tinosporon, and columbin; and the glycosides 18-nonderodane
glycoside, furanoid diterpene glycosides, tinocordifoliside, tinocordiside,
cordiside, cordifoliside, plamatosides, and syringin.
Immunologic effects
T. cordifolia is widely used in the Indian Ayurvedic system of
medicine as an immunostimulant.45 Syringin,
cordiol, cordioside, and cordifoliosides A and B are the active principles
responsible for anticomplement and immunomodulatory activities46, 47 as
well as an arabinogalactan polysaccharide isolated from the dried stems and an
alpha-D-glucan
Clinical data
An aqueous extract of T. cordifolia reduced allergic rhinitis,
sneezing, nasal obstruction, and pruritus in a randomized clinical trial over 8
weeks.56 A
clinical trial evaluated the effect of tinospora on diabetic foot ulcers as
adjuvant therapy. A decrease in the number of debridements was observed,
related to increased phagocytic function. However, measures of net improvement
did not favor tinospora use.57 A
decrease in reported symptoms was found in a clinical trial of tinospora in HIV
patients. No differences were found in CD4 counts, and unexplained
hematological measures were noted.58, 59 A
clinical study compared a polyherb formulation containing tinospora with
hydroxychloroquine sulfate in rheumatoid arthritis. However, the effectiveness
cannot be attributed to any one of the several plants in the preparation.60 Older
studies suggested T. cordifolia strengthened host defenses and improved the
surgical outcome in patients with extrahepatic obstructive jaundice.
Pregnancy / Lactation
Information regarding safety and efficacy during pregnancy and
lactation is lacking.
Toxicology
Information is generally lacking about the toxicology of T.
cordifolia in humans. At Ayurvedic therapeutic doses, no toxicity has been
observed.5 No
adverse events were observed in healthy volunteers given 500 mg/day for 21
days.72 No
adverse reactions were noted when T. cordifolia stem extract was administered
to rabbits up to the highest oral doses of 1.6 g/kg71, 73 and
in rats at doses of 1,000 mg/kg of the whole plant extract.68 However,
40% mortality resulted after mice were given 500 mg/kg body weight of an
extract of tinospora stems.17 Genotoxicity
tests in rats given up to 250 mg/kg body weight for 7 days showed no
clastogenicity or DNA damage, and T. cordifolia was not mutagenic in Salmonella
typhimurium strains.74 However,
hydroalcoholic extracts did promote micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells.
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